Soil moisture is of particular importance in the study of water resources and agriculture. The microwave electromagnetic spectrum does not have the physical limitations of other radiometric spectral in measuring soil moisture, but they often have very large pixel dimensions (more than 10 km). In this study, in order to apply soil moisture Remote sensing data at the farm scale, using field soil moisture measurement data in the Nishabour plain during 2017-2019, calibration of AMSR2 retrieval data was performed. It turned out that altitude and vegetation changes are among the key factors affecting calibration accuracy. Based on the theory of thermal inertia and with the help of MODIS sensor images, the interactions of the average daily soil moisture and the daily surface temperature difference between the two MODIS and AMSR2 sensors were investigated. Using it, downscaling linear relationships of soil moisture images were obtained to convert the image dimensions from 25 km to 1000 m. Validation of R2 statistical indices with a minimum of 0. 73 and a maximum of 0. 84, MAE and RMSE with a range of 1. 6 to 4, showed that the algorithm used in the downscaling is well able to reflect the interactions between rainfall, soil moisture, vegetation and changes in canopy temperature profile and this feature reinforces its application in agrometeorological studies.

The earth landscape is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, in order to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the trend and extent of land cover / land use changes is considered necessary, and the estimation of these changes is of great importance. Reviewing these changes through satellite images and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource managers to make more informed decisions. In the present study, quantitative detection and evaluation of changes in vegetation was performed in the areas with combat desertification projects, Shahdad and Bam in Kerman province and Garmsar in Semnan province, during a 30-year period within 1987, 2002 and 2017. The NDVI vegetation index and land use maps were produced using the ETM + TM and OLI satellite images in the three corresponding periods for the vegetation lands/non-vegetation lands, and agricultural lands. The Kappa coefficient of 0. 83 to 0. 86, 0. 91 to 0. 92, and 0. 94 to 0. 95 was calculated for 1987, 2002, and 2017, respectively, and the total accuracy was between 88 % and 97 %. After providing the land use maps in different years, the monitoring of land use changes was investigated using the change detection methods. According to the trend of changes during the studied periods, our results showed that the vegetation lands in these three areas had an increasing trend, and the non-vegetation lands were turned to vegetation lands over time. Moreover, an increasing trend was found for the agricultural lands during these three periods. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of projects implemented in the studied areas was calculated and evaluated.

Postoperative cerebellar hemorrhage or Remote cerebellar hemorrhage is a rare complication occurring after supratentorial and spinal surgery. Although the mechanism remains unclear, previous reports implicate over drainage of cerebrospinal fluid as the predominant cause.We report a patient who underwent craniotomy for removal of meningioma. The hemorrhage manifested a few days postoperatively as a headache and transient loss of consciousness. Our patient recovered without further intervention with no major neurologic deficit. Early detection and awareness of this complication may help to avoid unnecessary measures.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to ranking the purpose of the curriculum in Distance education from the perspective of faculty members of Payame Noor University of Fars Province. Methods: In this research a descriptive-analytical method with a mixed approach was used. In this regard, after interviewing 12 subject experts and saturating the data, a researcher-made questionnaire with content validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0. 94) was prepared and provided to the professors electronically. The Sampling of this research in the qualitative part is Targeted and randomly in the quantitative part, and 109 people responded Friedman test was used to ranking the purposes of the questionnaire. Findings: The result showed that the organization of textbook, tests and their coordination with the provided frameworks, paying attention to the needs of society, prioritizing and implementing information and communication technologies to help and Facilitating learning should be a priority. Given that the average of all items is higher than the hypothetical average of 4, all objectives are important for explaining the new curriculum. Conclusion: The results of the research show that in order to explain the Purpose of the curriculum, it is necessary to act according to the needs of the society and move the Purpose to a path that can strengthen the technological skills of professors and students. In addition, by formulating appropriate goals, he took an effective step in achieving the skills of the 21st century.